![]() ![]() ![]() Intramuscular injection leads to an initial accumulation at the injection site, after which LNPs are rapidly transported to proximal lymph nodes (LNs) by passive draining as well as actively carried by professional antigen-presenting cells and neutrophils. The biodistribution and persistence of LNP-mRNA vaccine formulations, for COVID-19 and other diseases, have been studied in rodents and non-human primates. The mRNA is packaged into lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), which are then delivered to cells where the S-protein is expressed and processed for immune recognition. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S-protein represents the main target for neutralising antibodies. īriefly, the two licensed COVID-19 mRNA vaccines contain synthetic mRNA that codes the proline-stabilised prefusion conformation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S-protein). Importantly, advances in mRNA technology likely signal the start of a revolution in medicine, whereby such molecules could help prevent other infectious diseases or be used in the treatment of cancer. In the US alone, it has been estimated that COVID-19 vaccines averted almost one-quarter of a million deaths. COVID-19 vaccines using messenger RNA (mRNA) technology have been developed at unprecedented speed to combat the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 and to date remain safe and effective at preventing severe disease, hospitalisation and death. ![]()
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